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Name	Size	Permission	Date
2to3.rst	16.15 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
__future__.rst	6 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
__main__.rst	12.34 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
_thread.rst	7.88 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
abc.rst	12.19 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
aifc.rst	7.48 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
allos.rst	678 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
archiving.rst	440 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
argparse.rst	80.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
array.rst	10.45 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ast.rst	75.95 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asynchat.rst	8.44 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-api-index.rst	4.61 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-dev.rst	7.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-eventloop.rst	59.33 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-exceptions.rst	1.7 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-future.rst	8.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-llapi-index.rst	14.06 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-platforms.rst	3.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-policy.rst	9.17 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-protocol.rst	31.55 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-queue.rst	5.5 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-stream.rst	14.88 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-subprocess.rst	11.4 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-sync.rst	8.84 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-task.rst	32.29 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio.rst	2.63 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncore.rst	13.43 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
atexit.rst	3.84 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
audioop.rst	10.59 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
audit_events.rst	2.29 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
base64.rst	10.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
bdb.rst	14.54 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
binary.rst	654 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
binascii.rst	7.66 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
binhex.rst	1.69 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
bisect.rst	9.06 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
builtins.rst	1.43 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
bz2.rst	11.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
calendar.rst	14.17 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
cgi.rst	21.49 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
cgitb.rst	3.75 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
chunk.rst	5.1 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
cmath.rst	9.42 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
cmd.rst	13.6 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
code.rst	7.64 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
codecs.rst	75.37 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
codeop.rst	3 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
collections.abc.rst	16.73 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
collections.rst	52.13 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
colorsys.rst	1.77 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
compileall.rst	13.45 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
concurrency.rst	685 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
concurrent.futures.rst	20.76 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
concurrent.rst	171 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
configparser.rst	49.91 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
constants.rst	3.77 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
contextlib.rst	34.35 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
contextvars.rst	8.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
copy.rst	3.39 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
copyreg.rst	1.97 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
crypt.rst	5.84 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
crypto.rst	411 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
csv.rst	20.91 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ctypes.rst	90.63 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
curses.ascii.rst	8.85 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
curses.panel.rst	2.7 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
curses.rst	77.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
custominterp.rst	569 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
dataclasses.rst	29.22 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
datatypes.rst	817 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
datetime.rst	101.93 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
dbm.rst	15.05 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
debug.rst	611 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
decimal.rst	76.21 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
development.rst	719 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
devmode.rst	7.28 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
dialog.rst	6.12 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
difflib.rst	29.76 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
dis.rst	35.33 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
distribution.rst	452 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
distutils.rst	2.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
doctest.rst	69.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.charset.rst	7.83 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.compat32-message.rst	32.89 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.contentmanager.rst	8.9 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.encoders.rst	2.92 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.errors.rst	4.8 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.examples.rst	1.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.generator.rst	13.49 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.header.rst	8.97 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.headerregistry.rst	18.04 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.iterators.rst	2.73 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.message.rst	32.25 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.mime.rst	11.45 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.parser.rst	13.76 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.policy.rst	26.39 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.rst	6.63 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.utils.rst	9.17 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ensurepip.rst	4.9 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
enum.rst	35.96 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
errno.rst	7.81 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
exceptions.rst	29.86 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
faulthandler.rst	6.51 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
fcntl.rst	7.99 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
filecmp.rst	5.89 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
fileformats.rst	273 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
fileinput.rst	8.99 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
filesys.rst	946 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
fnmatch.rst	3.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
fractions.rst	6.2 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
frameworks.rst	391 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ftplib.rst	18.13 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
functional.rst	365 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
functions.rst	84.5 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
functools.rst	25.99 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
gc.rst	11.16 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
getopt.rst	6.4 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
getpass.rst	1.84 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
gettext.rst	27.35 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
glob.rst	5.07 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
graphlib.rst	8.56 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
grp.rst	2.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
gzip.rst	9.7 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
hashlib-blake2-tree.png	10.81 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
hashlib.rst	27.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
heapq.rst	13.59 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
hmac.rst	4.93 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
html.entities.rst	1.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
html.parser.rst	11.02 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
html.rst	1.27 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
http.client.rst	20.86 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
http.cookiejar.rst	27.68 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
http.cookies.rst	8.79 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
http.rst	7.61 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
http.server.rst	19.68 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
i18n.rst	408 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
idle.rst	38.83 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
imaplib.rst	21.42 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
imghdr.rst	3.01 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
imp.rst	15.15 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
importlib.metadata.rst	12.12 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
importlib.rst	66.95 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
index.rst	2.37 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
inspect.rst	59.36 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
internet.rst	923 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
intro.rst	2.95 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
io.rst	44.14 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ipaddress.rst	35.22 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ipc.rst	643 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
itertools.rst	42.1 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
json.rst	28.07 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
keyword.rst	1.12 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
language.rst	494 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
linecache.rst	2.49 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
locale.rst	26.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
logging.config.rst	36.69 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
logging.handlers.rst	47.53 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
logging.rst	66.77 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
lzma.rst	16.95 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
mailbox.rst	61.47 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
mailcap.rst	4.43 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
markup.rst	679 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
marshal.rst	5.35 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
math.rst	21.01 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
mimetypes.rst	9.96 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
mm.rst	331 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
mmap.rst	13.41 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
modulefinder.rst	3.16 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
modules.rst	381 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
msilib.rst	18.51 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
msvcrt.rst	4.5 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
multiprocessing.rst	108.08 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
multiprocessing.shared_memory.rst	14.44 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
netdata.rst	314 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
netrc.rst	3.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
nis.rst	2.07 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
nntplib.rst	21.25 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
numbers.rst	8.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
numeric.rst	696 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
operator.rst	18.84 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
optparse.rst	75.3 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
os.path.rst	17.4 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
os.rst	168.21 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ossaudiodev.rst	17.56 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pathlib-inheritance.png	6.28 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pathlib-inheritance.svg	55.23 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pathlib.rst	39.66 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pdb.rst	20.26 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
persistence.rst	591 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pickle.rst	46.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pickletools.rst	3.64 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pipes.rst	2.72 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pkgutil.rst	10.26 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
platform.rst	9.7 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
plistlib.rst	5.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
poplib.rst	8.98 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
posix.rst	3.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pprint.rst	16.34 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
profile.rst	29.55 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pty.rst	4.5 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pwd.rst	2.67 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
py_compile.rst	6.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pyclbr.rst	4.45 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pydoc.rst	5.01 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pyexpat.rst	29.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
python.rst	480 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
queue.rst	10 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
quopri.rst	2.51 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
random.rst	22.98 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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readline.rst	12.13 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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resource.rst	13 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
rlcompleter.rst	2.24 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
runpy.rst	8.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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security_warnings.rst	1.56 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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signal.rst	25.12 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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sqlite3.rst	66.94 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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stringprep.rst	4.18 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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subprocess.rst	57.99 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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telnetlib.rst	8.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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termios.rst	3.66 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
test.rst	54.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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threading.rst	42.74 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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Rename

:mod:`tracemalloc` --- Trace memory allocations
===============================================

.. module:: tracemalloc
   :synopsis: Trace memory allocations.

.. versionadded:: 3.4

**Source code:** :source:`Lib/tracemalloc.py`

--------------

The tracemalloc module is a debug tool to trace memory blocks allocated by
Python. It provides the following information:

* Traceback where an object was allocated
* Statistics on allocated memory blocks per filename and per line number:
  total size, number and average size of allocated memory blocks
* Compute the differences between two snapshots to detect memory leaks

To trace most memory blocks allocated by Python, the module should be started
as early as possible by setting the :envvar:`PYTHONTRACEMALLOC` environment
variable to ``1``, or by using :option:`-X` ``tracemalloc`` command line
option. The :func:`tracemalloc.start` function can be called at runtime to
start tracing Python memory allocations.

By default, a trace of an allocated memory block only stores the most recent
frame (1 frame). To store 25 frames at startup: set the
:envvar:`PYTHONTRACEMALLOC` environment variable to ``25``, or use the
:option:`-X` ``tracemalloc=25`` command line option.

Examples
--------

Display the top 10
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Display the 10 files allocating the most memory::

import tracemalloc

tracemalloc.start()

# ... run your application ...

snapshot = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()
    top_stats = snapshot.statistics('lineno')

print("[ Top 10 ]")
    for stat in top_stats[:10]:
        print(stat)

Example of output of the Python test suite::

[ Top 10 ]
    <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:716: size=4855 KiB, count=39328, average=126 B
    <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:284: size=521 KiB, count=3199, average=167 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/collections/__init__.py:368: size=244 KiB, count=2315, average=108 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py:381: size=185 KiB, count=779, average=243 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py:402: size=154 KiB, count=378, average=416 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/abc.py:133: size=88.7 KiB, count=347, average=262 B
    <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:1446: size=70.4 KiB, count=911, average=79 B
    <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:1454: size=52.0 KiB, count=25, average=2131 B
    <string>:5: size=49.7 KiB, count=148, average=344 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/sysconfig.py:411: size=48.0 KiB, count=1, average=48.0 KiB

We can see that Python loaded ``4855 KiB`` data (bytecode and constants) from
modules and that the :mod:`collections` module allocated ``244 KiB`` to build
:class:`~collections.namedtuple` types.

See :meth:`Snapshot.statistics` for more options.

Compute differences
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Take two snapshots and display the differences::

import tracemalloc
    tracemalloc.start()
    # ... start your application ...

snapshot1 = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()
    # ... call the function leaking memory ...
    snapshot2 = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()

top_stats = snapshot2.compare_to(snapshot1, 'lineno')

print("[ Top 10 differences ]")
    for stat in top_stats[:10]:
        print(stat)

Example of output before/after running some tests of the Python test suite::

[ Top 10 differences ]
    <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:716: size=8173 KiB (+4428 KiB), count=71332 (+39369), average=117 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/linecache.py:127: size=940 KiB (+940 KiB), count=8106 (+8106), average=119 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py:571: size=298 KiB (+298 KiB), count=589 (+589), average=519 B
    <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:284: size=1005 KiB (+166 KiB), count=7423 (+1526), average=139 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/mimetypes.py:217: size=112 KiB (+112 KiB), count=1334 (+1334), average=86 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/http/server.py:848: size=96.0 KiB (+96.0 KiB), count=1 (+1), average=96.0 KiB
    /usr/lib/python3.4/inspect.py:1465: size=83.5 KiB (+83.5 KiB), count=109 (+109), average=784 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/mock.py:491: size=77.7 KiB (+77.7 KiB), count=143 (+143), average=557 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/urllib/parse.py:476: size=71.8 KiB (+71.8 KiB), count=969 (+969), average=76 B
    /usr/lib/python3.4/contextlib.py:38: size=67.2 KiB (+67.2 KiB), count=126 (+126), average=546 B

We can see that Python has loaded ``8173 KiB`` of module data (bytecode and
constants), and that this is ``4428 KiB`` more than had been loaded before the
tests, when the previous snapshot was taken. Similarly, the :mod:`linecache`
module has cached ``940 KiB`` of Python source code to format tracebacks, all
of it since the previous snapshot.

If the system has little free memory, snapshots can be written on disk using
the :meth:`Snapshot.dump` method to analyze the snapshot offline. Then use the
:meth:`Snapshot.load` method reload the snapshot.

Get the traceback of a memory block
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Code to display the traceback of the biggest memory block::

import tracemalloc

# Store 25 frames
    tracemalloc.start(25)

# ... run your application ...

snapshot = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()
    top_stats = snapshot.statistics('traceback')

# pick the biggest memory block
    stat = top_stats[0]
    print("%s memory blocks: %.1f KiB" % (stat.count, stat.size / 1024))
    for line in stat.traceback.format():
        print(line)

Example of output of the Python test suite (traceback limited to 25 frames)::

903 memory blocks: 870.1 KiB
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 716
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1036
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 934
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1068
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 619
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1581
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1614
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/doctest.py", line 101
        import pdb
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 284
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 938
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1068
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 619
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1581
      File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1614
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/support/__init__.py", line 1728
        import doctest
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/test_pickletools.py", line 21
        support.run_doctest(pickletools)
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py", line 1276
        test_runner()
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py", line 976
        display_failure=not verbose)
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py", line 761
        match_tests=ns.match_tests)
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py", line 1563
        main()
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/test/__main__.py", line 3
        regrtest.main_in_temp_cwd()
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/runpy.py", line 73
        exec(code, run_globals)
      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/runpy.py", line 160
        "__main__", fname, loader, pkg_name)

We can see that the most memory was allocated in the :mod:`importlib` module to
load data (bytecode and constants) from modules: ``870.1 KiB``. The traceback is
where the :mod:`importlib` loaded data most recently: on the ``import pdb``
line of the :mod:`doctest` module. The traceback may change if a new module is
loaded.

Pretty top
^^^^^^^^^^

Code to display the 10 lines allocating the most memory with a pretty output,
ignoring ``<frozen importlib._bootstrap>`` and ``<unknown>`` files::

import linecache
    import os
    import tracemalloc

def display_top(snapshot, key_type='lineno', limit=10):
        snapshot = snapshot.filter_traces((
            tracemalloc.Filter(False, "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>"),
            tracemalloc.Filter(False, "<unknown>"),
        ))
        top_stats = snapshot.statistics(key_type)

print("Top %s lines" % limit)
        for index, stat in enumerate(top_stats[:limit], 1):
            frame = stat.traceback[0]
            print("#%s: %s:%s: %.1f KiB"
                  % (index, frame.filename, frame.lineno, stat.size / 1024))
            line = linecache.getline(frame.filename, frame.lineno).strip()
            if line:
                print('    %s' % line)

other = top_stats[limit:]
        if other:
            size = sum(stat.size for stat in other)
            print("%s other: %.1f KiB" % (len(other), size / 1024))
        total = sum(stat.size for stat in top_stats)
        print("Total allocated size: %.1f KiB" % (total / 1024))

tracemalloc.start()

# ... run your application ...

snapshot = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()
    display_top(snapshot)

Example of output of the Python test suite::

Top 10 lines
    #1: Lib/base64.py:414: 419.8 KiB
        _b85chars2 = [(a + b) for a in _b85chars for b in _b85chars]
    #2: Lib/base64.py:306: 419.8 KiB
        _a85chars2 = [(a + b) for a in _a85chars for b in _a85chars]
    #3: collections/__init__.py:368: 293.6 KiB
        exec(class_definition, namespace)
    #4: Lib/abc.py:133: 115.2 KiB
        cls = super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace)
    #5: unittest/case.py:574: 103.1 KiB
        testMethod()
    #6: Lib/linecache.py:127: 95.4 KiB
        lines = fp.readlines()
    #7: urllib/parse.py:476: 71.8 KiB
        for a in _hexdig for b in _hexdig}
    #8: <string>:5: 62.0 KiB
    #9: Lib/_weakrefset.py:37: 60.0 KiB
        self.data = set()
    #10: Lib/base64.py:142: 59.8 KiB
        _b32tab2 = [a + b for a in _b32tab for b in _b32tab]
    6220 other: 3602.8 KiB
    Total allocated size: 5303.1 KiB

See :meth:`Snapshot.statistics` for more options.

Record the current and peak size of all traced memory blocks
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The following code computes two sums like ``0 + 1 + 2 + ...`` inefficiently, by
creating a list of those numbers. This list consumes a lot of memory
temporarily. We can use :func:`get_traced_memory` and :func:`reset_peak` to
observe the small memory usage after the sum is computed as well as the peak
memory usage during the computations::

import tracemalloc

tracemalloc.start()

# Example code: compute a sum with a large temporary list
  large_sum = sum(list(range(100000)))

first_size, first_peak = tracemalloc.get_traced_memory()

tracemalloc.reset_peak()

# Example code: compute a sum with a small temporary list
  small_sum = sum(list(range(1000)))

second_size, second_peak = tracemalloc.get_traced_memory()

print(f"{first_size=}, {first_peak=}")
  print(f"{second_size=}, {second_peak=}")

Output::

first_size=664, first_peak=3592984
  second_size=804, second_peak=29704

Using :func:`reset_peak` ensured we could accurately record the peak during the
computation of ``small_sum``, even though it is much smaller than the overall
peak size of memory blocks since the :func:`start` call. Without the call to
:func:`reset_peak`, ``second_peak`` would still be the peak from the
computation ``large_sum`` (that is, equal to ``first_peak``). In this case,
both peaks are much higher than the final memory usage, and which suggests we
could optimise (by removing the unnecessary call to :class:`list`, and writing
``sum(range(...))``).

API
---

Functions
^^^^^^^^^

.. function:: clear_traces()

Clear traces of memory blocks allocated by Python.