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Name	Size	Permission	Date
2to3.rst	16.15 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
__future__.rst	6 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
__main__.rst	12.34 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
_thread.rst	7.88 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
abc.rst	12.19 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
aifc.rst	7.48 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
allos.rst	678 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
archiving.rst	440 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
argparse.rst	80.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
array.rst	10.45 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ast.rst	75.95 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asynchat.rst	8.44 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-api-index.rst	4.61 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-dev.rst	7.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-eventloop.rst	59.33 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-exceptions.rst	1.7 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-future.rst	8.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-llapi-index.rst	14.06 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-platforms.rst	3.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-policy.rst	9.17 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-protocol.rst	31.55 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-queue.rst	5.5 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-stream.rst	14.88 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-subprocess.rst	11.4 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-sync.rst	8.84 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-task.rst	32.29 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio.rst	2.63 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncore.rst	13.43 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
atexit.rst	3.84 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
audioop.rst	10.59 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
audit_events.rst	2.29 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
base64.rst	10.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
bdb.rst	14.54 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
binary.rst	654 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
binascii.rst	7.66 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
binhex.rst	1.69 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
bisect.rst	9.06 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
builtins.rst	1.43 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
bz2.rst	11.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
calendar.rst	14.17 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
cgi.rst	21.49 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
cgitb.rst	3.75 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
chunk.rst	5.1 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
cmath.rst	9.42 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
cmd.rst	13.6 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
code.rst	7.64 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
codecs.rst	75.37 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
codeop.rst	3 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
collections.abc.rst	16.73 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
collections.rst	52.13 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
colorsys.rst	1.77 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
compileall.rst	13.45 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
concurrency.rst	685 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
concurrent.futures.rst	20.76 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
concurrent.rst	171 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
configparser.rst	49.91 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
constants.rst	3.77 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
contextlib.rst	34.35 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
contextvars.rst	8.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
copy.rst	3.39 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
copyreg.rst	1.97 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
crypt.rst	5.84 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
crypto.rst	411 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
csv.rst	20.91 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ctypes.rst	90.63 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
curses.ascii.rst	8.85 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
curses.panel.rst	2.7 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
curses.rst	77.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
custominterp.rst	569 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
dataclasses.rst	29.22 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
datatypes.rst	817 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
datetime.rst	101.93 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
dbm.rst	15.05 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
debug.rst	611 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
decimal.rst	76.21 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
development.rst	719 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
devmode.rst	7.28 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
dialog.rst	6.12 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
difflib.rst	29.76 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
dis.rst	35.33 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
distribution.rst	452 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
distutils.rst	2.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
doctest.rst	69.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.charset.rst	7.83 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.compat32-message.rst	32.89 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.contentmanager.rst	8.9 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.encoders.rst	2.92 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.errors.rst	4.8 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.examples.rst	1.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.generator.rst	13.49 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.header.rst	8.97 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.headerregistry.rst	18.04 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.iterators.rst	2.73 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.message.rst	32.25 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.mime.rst	11.45 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.parser.rst	13.76 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.policy.rst	26.39 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.rst	6.63 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.utils.rst	9.17 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ensurepip.rst	4.9 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
enum.rst	35.96 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
errno.rst	7.81 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
exceptions.rst	29.86 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
faulthandler.rst	6.51 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
fcntl.rst	7.99 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
filecmp.rst	5.89 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
fileformats.rst	273 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
fileinput.rst	8.99 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
filesys.rst	946 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
fnmatch.rst	3.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
fractions.rst	6.2 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
frameworks.rst	391 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ftplib.rst	18.13 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
functional.rst	365 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
functions.rst	84.5 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
functools.rst	25.99 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
gc.rst	11.16 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
getopt.rst	6.4 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
getpass.rst	1.84 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
gettext.rst	27.35 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
glob.rst	5.07 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
graphlib.rst	8.56 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
grp.rst	2.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
gzip.rst	9.7 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
hashlib-blake2-tree.png	10.81 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
hashlib.rst	27.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
heapq.rst	13.59 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
hmac.rst	4.93 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
html.entities.rst	1.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
html.parser.rst	11.02 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
html.rst	1.27 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
http.client.rst	20.86 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
http.cookiejar.rst	27.68 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
http.cookies.rst	8.79 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
http.rst	7.61 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
http.server.rst	19.68 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
i18n.rst	408 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
idle.rst	38.83 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
imaplib.rst	21.42 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
imghdr.rst	3.01 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
imp.rst	15.15 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
importlib.metadata.rst	12.12 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
importlib.rst	66.95 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
index.rst	2.37 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
inspect.rst	59.36 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
internet.rst	923 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
intro.rst	2.95 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
io.rst	44.14 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ipaddress.rst	35.22 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ipc.rst	643 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
itertools.rst	42.1 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
json.rst	28.07 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
keyword.rst	1.12 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
language.rst	494 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
linecache.rst	2.49 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
locale.rst	26.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
logging.config.rst	36.69 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
logging.handlers.rst	47.53 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
logging.rst	66.77 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
lzma.rst	16.95 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
mailbox.rst	61.47 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
mailcap.rst	4.43 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
markup.rst	679 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
marshal.rst	5.35 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
math.rst	21.01 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
mimetypes.rst	9.96 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
mm.rst	331 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
mmap.rst	13.41 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
modulefinder.rst	3.16 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
modules.rst	381 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
msilib.rst	18.51 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
msvcrt.rst	4.5 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
multiprocessing.rst	108.08 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
multiprocessing.shared_memory.rst	14.44 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
netdata.rst	314 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
netrc.rst	3.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
nis.rst	2.07 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
nntplib.rst	21.25 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
numbers.rst	8.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
numeric.rst	696 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
operator.rst	18.84 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
optparse.rst	75.3 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
os.path.rst	17.4 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
os.rst	168.21 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ossaudiodev.rst	17.56 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pathlib-inheritance.png	6.28 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pathlib-inheritance.svg	55.23 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pathlib.rst	39.66 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pdb.rst	20.26 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
persistence.rst	591 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pickle.rst	46.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pickletools.rst	3.64 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pipes.rst	2.72 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pkgutil.rst	10.26 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
platform.rst	9.7 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
plistlib.rst	5.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
poplib.rst	8.98 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
posix.rst	3.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pprint.rst	16.34 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
profile.rst	29.55 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pty.rst	4.5 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pwd.rst	2.67 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
py_compile.rst	6.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pyclbr.rst	4.45 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pydoc.rst	5.01 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pyexpat.rst	29.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
python.rst	480 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
queue.rst	10 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
quopri.rst	2.51 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
random.rst	22.98 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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readline.rst	12.13 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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resource.rst	13 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
rlcompleter.rst	2.24 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
runpy.rst	8.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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security_warnings.rst	1.56 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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signal.rst	25.12 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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sqlite3.rst	66.94 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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stringprep.rst	4.18 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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subprocess.rst	57.99 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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telnetlib.rst	8.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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termios.rst	3.66 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
test.rst	54.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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threading.rst	42.74 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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Rename

:mod:`posix` --- The most common POSIX system calls
===================================================

.. module:: posix
   :platform: Unix
   :synopsis: The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os).

--------------

This module provides access to operating system functionality that is
standardized by the C Standard and the POSIX standard (a thinly disguised Unix
interface).

.. index:: module: os

**Do not import this module directly.**  Instead, import the module :mod:`os`,
which provides a *portable* version of this interface.  On Unix, the :mod:`os`
module provides a superset of the :mod:`posix` interface.  On non-Unix operating
systems the :mod:`posix` module is not available, but a subset is always
available through the :mod:`os` interface.  Once :mod:`os` is imported, there is
*no* performance penalty in using it instead of :mod:`posix`.  In addition,
:mod:`os` provides some additional functionality, such as automatically calling
:func:`~os.putenv` when an entry in ``os.environ`` is changed.

Errors are reported as exceptions; the usual exceptions are given for type
errors, while errors reported by the system calls raise :exc:`OSError`.

.. _posix-large-files:

Large File Support
------------------

.. index::
   single: large files
   single: file; large files

.. sectionauthor:: Steve Clift <clift@mail.anacapa.net>

Several operating systems (including AIX and Solaris) provide
support for files that are larger than 2 GiB from a C programming model where
:c:expr:`int` and :c:expr:`long` are 32-bit values. This is typically accomplished
by defining the relevant size and offset types as 64-bit values. Such files are
sometimes referred to as :dfn:`large files`.

Large file support is enabled in Python when the size of an :c:type:`off_t` is
larger than a :c:expr:`long` and the :c:expr:`long long` is at least as large
as an :c:type:`off_t`.
It may be necessary to configure and compile Python with certain compiler flags
to enable this mode. For example, with Solaris 2.6 and 2.7 you need to do
something like::

CFLAGS="`getconf LFS_CFLAGS`" OPT="-g -O2 $CFLAGS" \
           ./configure

On large-file-capable Linux systems, this might work::

CFLAGS='-D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64' OPT="-g -O2 $CFLAGS" \
           ./configure

.. _posix-contents:

Notable Module Contents
-----------------------

In addition to many functions described in the :mod:`os` module documentation,
:mod:`posix` defines the following data item:

.. data:: environ

A dictionary representing the string environment at the time the interpreter
   was started. Keys and values are bytes on Unix and str on Windows. For
   example, ``environ[b'HOME']`` (``environ['HOME']`` on Windows) is the
   pathname of your home directory, equivalent to ``getenv("HOME")`` in C.

Modifying this dictionary does not affect the string environment passed on by
   :func:`~os.execv`, :func:`~os.popen` or :func:`~os.system`; if you need to
   change the environment, pass ``environ`` to :func:`~os.execve` or add
   variable assignments and export statements to the command string for
   :func:`~os.system` or :func:`~os.popen`.

.. versionchanged:: 3.2
      On Unix, keys and values are bytes.

.. note::

The :mod:`os` module provides an alternate implementation of ``environ``
      which updates the environment on modification. Note also that updating
      :data:`os.environ` will render this dictionary obsolete. Use of the
      :mod:`os` module version of this is recommended over direct access to the
      :mod:`posix` module.