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Name	Size	Permission	Date
2to3.rst	16.15 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
__future__.rst	6 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
__main__.rst	12.34 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
_thread.rst	7.88 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
abc.rst	12.19 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
aifc.rst	7.48 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
allos.rst	678 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
archiving.rst	440 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
argparse.rst	80.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
array.rst	10.45 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ast.rst	75.95 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asynchat.rst	8.44 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-api-index.rst	4.61 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-dev.rst	7.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-eventloop.rst	59.33 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-exceptions.rst	1.7 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-future.rst	8.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-llapi-index.rst	14.06 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-platforms.rst	3.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-policy.rst	9.17 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-protocol.rst	31.55 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-queue.rst	5.5 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-stream.rst	14.88 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-subprocess.rst	11.4 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-sync.rst	8.84 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio-task.rst	32.29 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncio.rst	2.63 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
asyncore.rst	13.43 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
atexit.rst	3.84 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
audioop.rst	10.59 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
audit_events.rst	2.29 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
base64.rst	10.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
bdb.rst	14.54 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
binary.rst	654 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
binascii.rst	7.66 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
binhex.rst	1.69 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
bisect.rst	9.06 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
builtins.rst	1.43 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
bz2.rst	11.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
calendar.rst	14.17 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
cgi.rst	21.49 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
cgitb.rst	3.75 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
chunk.rst	5.1 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
cmath.rst	9.42 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
cmd.rst	13.6 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
code.rst	7.64 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
codecs.rst	75.37 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
codeop.rst	3 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
collections.abc.rst	16.73 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
collections.rst	52.13 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
colorsys.rst	1.77 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
compileall.rst	13.45 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
concurrency.rst	685 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
concurrent.futures.rst	20.76 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
concurrent.rst	171 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
configparser.rst	49.91 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
constants.rst	3.77 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
contextlib.rst	34.35 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
contextvars.rst	8.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
copy.rst	3.39 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
copyreg.rst	1.97 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
crypt.rst	5.84 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
crypto.rst	411 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
csv.rst	20.91 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ctypes.rst	90.63 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
curses.ascii.rst	8.85 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
curses.panel.rst	2.7 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
curses.rst	77.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
custominterp.rst	569 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
dataclasses.rst	29.22 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
datatypes.rst	817 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
datetime.rst	101.93 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
dbm.rst	15.05 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
debug.rst	611 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
decimal.rst	76.21 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
development.rst	719 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
devmode.rst	7.28 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
dialog.rst	6.12 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
difflib.rst	29.76 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
dis.rst	35.33 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
distribution.rst	452 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
distutils.rst	2.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
doctest.rst	69.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.charset.rst	7.83 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.compat32-message.rst	32.89 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.contentmanager.rst	8.9 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.encoders.rst	2.92 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.errors.rst	4.8 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.examples.rst	1.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.generator.rst	13.49 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.header.rst	8.97 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.headerregistry.rst	18.04 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.iterators.rst	2.73 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.message.rst	32.25 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.mime.rst	11.45 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.parser.rst	13.76 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.policy.rst	26.39 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.rst	6.63 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
email.utils.rst	9.17 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ensurepip.rst	4.9 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
enum.rst	35.96 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
errno.rst	7.81 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
exceptions.rst	29.86 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
faulthandler.rst	6.51 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
fcntl.rst	7.99 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
filecmp.rst	5.89 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
fileformats.rst	273 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
fileinput.rst	8.99 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
filesys.rst	946 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
fnmatch.rst	3.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
fractions.rst	6.2 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
frameworks.rst	391 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ftplib.rst	18.13 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
functional.rst	365 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
functions.rst	84.5 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
functools.rst	25.99 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
gc.rst	11.16 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
getopt.rst	6.4 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
getpass.rst	1.84 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
gettext.rst	27.35 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
glob.rst	5.07 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
graphlib.rst	8.56 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
grp.rst	2.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
gzip.rst	9.7 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
hashlib-blake2-tree.png	10.81 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
hashlib.rst	27.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
heapq.rst	13.59 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
hmac.rst	4.93 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
html.entities.rst	1.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
html.parser.rst	11.02 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
html.rst	1.27 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
http.client.rst	20.86 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
http.cookiejar.rst	27.68 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
http.cookies.rst	8.79 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
http.rst	7.61 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
http.server.rst	19.68 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
i18n.rst	408 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
idle.rst	38.83 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
imaplib.rst	21.42 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
imghdr.rst	3.01 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
imp.rst	15.15 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
importlib.metadata.rst	12.12 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
importlib.rst	66.95 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
index.rst	2.37 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
inspect.rst	59.36 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
internet.rst	923 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
intro.rst	2.95 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
io.rst	44.14 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ipaddress.rst	35.22 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ipc.rst	643 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
itertools.rst	42.1 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
json.rst	28.07 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
keyword.rst	1.12 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
language.rst	494 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
linecache.rst	2.49 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
locale.rst	26.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
logging.config.rst	36.69 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
logging.handlers.rst	47.53 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
logging.rst	66.77 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
lzma.rst	16.95 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
mailbox.rst	61.47 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
mailcap.rst	4.43 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
markup.rst	679 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
marshal.rst	5.35 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
math.rst	21.01 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
mimetypes.rst	9.96 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
mm.rst	331 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
mmap.rst	13.41 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
modulefinder.rst	3.16 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
modules.rst	381 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
msilib.rst	18.51 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
msvcrt.rst	4.5 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
multiprocessing.rst	108.08 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
multiprocessing.shared_memory.rst	14.44 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
netdata.rst	314 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
netrc.rst	3.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
nis.rst	2.07 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
nntplib.rst	21.25 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
numbers.rst	8.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
numeric.rst	696 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
operator.rst	18.84 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
optparse.rst	75.3 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
os.path.rst	17.4 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
os.rst	168.21 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
ossaudiodev.rst	17.56 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pathlib-inheritance.png	6.28 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pathlib-inheritance.svg	55.23 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pathlib.rst	39.66 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pdb.rst	20.26 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
persistence.rst	591 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pickle.rst	46.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pickletools.rst	3.64 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pipes.rst	2.72 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pkgutil.rst	10.26 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
platform.rst	9.7 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
plistlib.rst	5.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
poplib.rst	8.98 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
posix.rst	3.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pprint.rst	16.34 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
profile.rst	29.55 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pty.rst	4.5 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pwd.rst	2.67 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
py_compile.rst	6.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pyclbr.rst	4.45 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pydoc.rst	5.01 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
pyexpat.rst	29.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
python.rst	480 B	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
queue.rst	10 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
quopri.rst	2.51 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
random.rst	22.98 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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readline.rst	12.13 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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resource.rst	13 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
rlcompleter.rst	2.24 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
runpy.rst	8.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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security_warnings.rst	1.56 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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signal.rst	25.12 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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sqlite3.rst	66.94 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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stringprep.rst	4.18 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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subprocess.rst	57.99 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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telnetlib.rst	8.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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termios.rst	3.66 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
test.rst	54.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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threading.rst	42.74 KB	-rw-r--r--	2024-03-19 22:46
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Rename

:mod:`email.charset`: Representing character sets
-------------------------------------------------

.. module:: email.charset
   :synopsis: Character Sets

**Source code:** :source:`Lib/email/charset.py`

--------------

This module is part of the legacy (``Compat32``) email API.  In the new
API only the aliases table is used.

The remaining text in this section is the original documentation of the module.

This module provides a class :class:`Charset` for representing character sets
and character set conversions in email messages, as well as a character set
registry and several convenience methods for manipulating this registry.
Instances of :class:`Charset` are used in several other modules within the
:mod:`email` package.

Import this class from the :mod:`email.charset` module.

.. class:: Charset(input_charset=DEFAULT_CHARSET)

Map character sets to their email properties.

This class provides information about the requirements imposed on email for a
   specific character set.  It also provides convenience routines for converting
   between character sets, given the availability of the applicable codecs.  Given
   a character set, it will do its best to provide information on how to use that
   character set in an email message in an RFC-compliant way.

Certain character sets must be encoded with quoted-printable or base64 when used
   in email headers or bodies.  Certain character sets must be converted outright,
   and are not allowed in email.

Optional *input_charset* is as described below; it is always coerced to lower
   case.  After being alias normalized it is also used as a lookup into the
   registry of character sets to find out the header encoding, body encoding, and
   output conversion codec to be used for the character set.  For example, if
   *input_charset* is ``iso-8859-1``, then headers and bodies will be encoded using
   quoted-printable and no output conversion codec is necessary.  If
   *input_charset* is ``euc-jp``, then headers will be encoded with base64, bodies
   will not be encoded, but output text will be converted from the ``euc-jp``
   character set to the ``iso-2022-jp`` character set.

:class:`Charset` instances have the following data attributes:

.. attribute:: input_charset

The initial character set specified.  Common aliases are converted to
      their *official* email names (e.g. ``latin_1`` is converted to
      ``iso-8859-1``).  Defaults to 7-bit ``us-ascii``.

.. attribute:: header_encoding

If the character set must be encoded before it can be used in an email
      header, this attribute will be set to ``charset.QP`` (for
      quoted-printable), ``charset.BASE64`` (for base64 encoding), or
      ``charset.SHORTEST`` for the shortest of QP or BASE64 encoding. Otherwise,
      it will be ``None``.

.. attribute:: body_encoding

Same as *header_encoding*, but describes the encoding for the mail
      message's body, which indeed may be different than the header encoding.
      ``charset.SHORTEST`` is not allowed for *body_encoding*.

.. attribute:: output_charset

Some character sets must be converted before they can be used in email
      headers or bodies.  If the *input_charset* is one of them, this attribute
      will contain the name of the character set output will be converted to.
      Otherwise, it will be ``None``.

.. attribute:: input_codec

The name of the Python codec used to convert the *input_charset* to
      Unicode.  If no conversion codec is necessary, this attribute will be
      ``None``.

.. attribute:: output_codec

The name of the Python codec used to convert Unicode to the
      *output_charset*.  If no conversion codec is necessary, this attribute
      will have the same value as the *input_codec*.

:class:`Charset` instances also have the following methods:

.. method:: get_body_encoding()

Return the content transfer encoding used for body encoding.

This is either the string ``quoted-printable`` or ``base64`` depending on
      the encoding used, or it is a function, in which case you should call the
      function with a single argument, the Message object being encoded.  The
      function should then set the :mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Encoding`
      header itself to whatever is appropriate.

Returns the string ``quoted-printable`` if *body_encoding* is ``QP``,
      returns the string ``base64`` if *body_encoding* is ``BASE64``, and
      returns the string ``7bit`` otherwise.

.. method:: get_output_charset()

Return the output character set.

This is the *output_charset* attribute if that is not ``None``, otherwise
      it is *input_charset*.

.. method:: header_encode(string)

Header-encode the string *string*.

The type of encoding (base64 or quoted-printable) will be based on the
      *header_encoding* attribute.

.. method:: header_encode_lines(string, maxlengths)

Header-encode a *string* by converting it first to bytes.

This is similar to :meth:`header_encode` except that the string is fit
      into maximum line lengths as given by the argument *maxlengths*, which
      must be an iterator: each element returned from this iterator will provide
      the next maximum line length.

.. method:: body_encode(string)

Body-encode the string *string*.

The type of encoding (base64 or quoted-printable) will be based on the
      *body_encoding* attribute.

The :class:`Charset` class also provides a number of methods to support
   standard operations and built-in functions.

.. method:: __str__()

Returns *input_charset* as a string coerced to lower
      case. :meth:`__repr__` is an alias for :meth:`__str__`.

.. method:: __eq__(other)

This method allows you to compare two :class:`Charset` instances for
      equality.

.. method:: __ne__(other)

This method allows you to compare two :class:`Charset` instances for
      inequality.

The :mod:`email.charset` module also provides the following functions for adding
new entries to the global character set, alias, and codec registries:

.. function:: add_charset(charset, header_enc=None, body_enc=None, output_charset=None)

Add character properties to the global registry.

*charset* is the input character set, and must be the canonical name of a
   character set.

Optional *header_enc* and *body_enc* is either ``charset.QP`` for
   quoted-printable, ``charset.BASE64`` for base64 encoding,
   ``charset.SHORTEST`` for the shortest of quoted-printable or base64 encoding,
   or ``None`` for no encoding.  ``SHORTEST`` is only valid for
   *header_enc*. The default is ``None`` for no encoding.

Optional *output_charset* is the character set that the output should be in.
   Conversions will proceed from input charset, to Unicode, to the output charset
   when the method :meth:`Charset.convert` is called.  The default is to output in
   the same character set as the input.

Both *input_charset* and *output_charset* must have Unicode codec entries in the
   module's character set-to-codec mapping; use :func:`add_codec` to add codecs the
   module does not know about.  See the :mod:`codecs` module's documentation for
   more information.

The global character set registry is kept in the module global dictionary
   ``CHARSETS``.

.. function:: add_alias(alias, canonical)

Add a character set alias.  *alias* is the alias name, e.g. ``latin-1``.
   *canonical* is the character set's canonical name, e.g. ``iso-8859-1``.

The global charset alias registry is kept in the module global dictionary
   ``ALIASES``.

.. function:: add_codec(charset, codecname)

Add a codec that map characters in the given character set to and from Unicode.

*charset* is the canonical name of a character set. *codecname* is the name of a
   Python codec, as appropriate for the second argument to the :class:`str`'s
   :meth:`~str.encode` method.